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Feminism --- Gender --- Masculinity --- Patriarchy --- Book

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"Frank L'Engle Williams examines the anthropological record for evidence of the social behaviors associated with paternity, suggesting that ample evidence exists for the importance of such behaviors for infant survival. Focusing on the first three postnatal years, he considers the implications of father care--both in the fossil record and in more recent cross-cultural research--for the development of such distinctively human traits as bipedalism, extensive brain growth, language, and socialization. He also reviews the rituals by which many human societies construct and reinforce the meanings of socially recognized fatherhood--hormonal, physiological, and social changes incorporated into specific cultural manifestations of paternity. Father care was adaptive within the context of the parental pair bond, and shaped how infants developed socially and biologically. The initial imprinting of socially recognized fathers during the first few postnatal years may have sustained culturally-sanctioned indirect care such as provisioning and protection of dependents for nearly two decades thereafter. In modern humans, this three-year window is critical to father-child bonding--which differs so intrinsically from the mother-child relationship. By increasing the survival of children in the past, present, and quite possibly the future, father care may be a driving force in the biological and cultural evolution of Homo sapiens."

Father and infant. --- Fatherhood --- Patriarchy. --- History.

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Patriarchy --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Sexual division of labor --- Women --- Employment --- SOCIOLOGIE --- FEMMES --- TRAVAIL

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Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Patriarchy --- Oppression of women --- Book --- Sex differences

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For centuries, societies have treated male domination as natural to the human species. But how would our understanding of gender inequality—our imagined past and contested present— look if we didn’t assume that men have always ruled over women? If we saw inequality as something more fragile that has had to be constantly remade and reasserted?In this bold and radical book, award-winning science journalist Angela Saini explores the roots of what we call patriarchy, uncovering a complex history of how it first became embedded in societies and spread across the globe from prehistory into the present. She travels to the world’s earliest known human settlements, analyzes the latest research findings in science and archaeology, and traces cultural and political histories from the Americas to Asia, finding that: From around 7,000 years ago there are signs that a small number of powerful men were having more children than other men From 5,000 years ago, as the earliest states began to expand, gendered codes appeared in parts of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East to serve the interests of powerful elites—but in slow, piecemeal ways, and always resisted In societies where women left their own families to live with their husbands, marriage customs came to be informed by the widespread practice of captive-taking and slavery, eventually shaping laws that alienated women from systems of support and denied them equal rights There was enormous variation in gender and power in many societies for thousands of years, but colonialism and empire dramatically changed ways of life across Asia, Africa, and the Americas, spreading rigidly patriarchal customs and undermining how people organized their families and work.In the 19th century and 20th centuries, philosophers, historians, anthropologists, and feminists began to actively question what patriarchy meant as part of the attempt to understand the origins of inequality. In our own time, despite the pushback against sexism, abuse, and discrimination, even revolutionary efforts to bring about equality have often ended in failure and backlash. But The Patriarchs is a profoundly hopeful book—one that reveals a multiplicity to human arrangements that undercuts the old grand narratives and exposes male supremacy as no more (and no less) than an ever-shifting element in systems of control. "For fans of Sapiens and The Dawn of Everything, a groundbreaking exploration of gendered oppression-its origins, its histories, our attempts to understand it, and our efforts to combat it"--

Equality --- Sex discrimination --- Oppression (Psychology) --- Patriarchy --- Male domination (Social structure) --- History